Economía, presente y el terrible futuro

Special report: How our economy is killing the Earth

• 16 October 2008
• From New Scientist Print Edition. Subscribe and get 4 free issues.
  

THE graphs climbing across these pages (see graph, right, or explore in more detail) are a stark reminder of the crisis facing our planet. Consumption of resources is rising rapidly, biodiversity is plummeting and just about every measure shows humans affecting Earth on a vast scale. Most of us accept the need for a more sustainable way to live, by reducing carbon emissions, developing renewable technology and increasing energy efficiency.

But are these efforts to save the planet doomed? A growing band of experts are looking at figures like these and arguing that personal carbon virtue and collective environmentalism are futile as long as our economic system is built on the assumption of growth. The science tells us that if we are serious about saving Earth, we must reshape our economy.

This, of course, is economic heresy. Growth to most economists is as essential as the air we breathe: it is, they claim, the only force capable of lifting the poor out of poverty, feeding the world's growing population, meeting the costs of rising public spending and stimulating technological development - not to mention funding increasingly expensive lifestyles. They see no limits to that growth, ever.

“Economists see no limits to growth - ever”

In recent weeks it has become clear just how terrified governments are of anything that threatens growth, as they pour billions of public money into a failing financial system. Amid the confusion, any challenge to the growth dogma needs to be looked at very carefully. This one is built on a long-standing question: how do we square Earth's finite resources with the fact that as the economy grows, the amount of natural resources needed to sustain that activity must grow too? It has taken all of human history for the economy to reach its current size. On current form it will take just two decades to double.

In this special issue, New Scientist brings together key thinkers from politics, economics and philosophy who profoundly disagree with the growth dogma but agree with the scientists monitoring our fragile biosphere. The father of ecological economics, Herman Daly, explains why our economy is blind to the environmental costs of growth ("The World Bank's blind spot"), while Tim Jackson, adviser to the UK government on sustainable development, crunches numbers to show that technological fixes won't compensate for the hair-raising speed at which the economy is expanding ("Why politicians dare not limit economic growth").

Gus Speth, one-time environment adviser to President Jimmy Carter, explains why after four decades working at the highest levels of US policy-making he believes green values have no chance against today's capitalism ("Champion for green growth"), followed by Susan George, a leading thinker of the political left, who argues that only a global government-led effort can shift the destructive course we are on ("We must think big to fight environmental disaster").

For Andrew Simms, policy director of the London-based New Economics Foundation, it is crucial to demolish one of the main justifications for unbridled growth: that it can pull the poor out of poverty ("The poverty myth"). And the broadcaster and activist David Suzuki explains how he inspires business leaders and politicians to change their thinking ("Interview with an environmental activist").

Just what a truly sustainable economy would look like is explored in "Life in a land without growth", when New Scientist uses Daly's blueprint to imagine life in a society that doesn't use up resources faster than the world can replace them. Expect tough decisions on wealth, tax, jobs and birth rates. But as Daly says, shifting from growth to development doesn't have to mean freezing in the dark under communist tyranny. Technological innovation would give us more and more from the resources we have, and as philosopher Kate Soper argues in "Nothing to fear from curbing growth", curbing our addiction to work and profits would in many ways improve our lives.

It is a vision John Stuart Mill, one of the founders of classical economics, would have approved of. In his Principles of Political Economy, published in 1848, he predicted that once the work of economic growth was done, a "stationary" economy would emerge in which we could focus on human improvement: "There would be as much scope as ever for all kinds of mental culture, and moral and social progress... for improving the art of living and much more likelihood of it being improved, when minds cease to be engrossed by the art of getting on."

Today's economists dismiss such ideas as naive and utopian, but with financial markets crashing, food prices spiralling, the world warming and peak oil approaching (or passed), they are becoming harder than ever to ignore.

Opinión:

Pues suena utópico definitivamente...

Quizás a muchos no les interese, pero bueno de la perspectiva de la ciencia ficción, que son los actuales alquimistas y visionarios del mundo, practicamente todos habían predicho este momento en cuanto la economía basada en combustibles fósiles y crecimiento desmedido iba a desplomarse...

En algunos casos eran los robots (Asimov) en otros casos la exploración espacial (Aldis, Sturgeon), pero algo salvaba a la humanidad del profundo oscurantismos similar a la edad media. Sin embargo ya vimos que eso no va a suceder. Otros especulan en las energías alternas (mismo asimov y Clarke), siendo la principal la energía nuclear. Actualmente hay paises como Francia que utiliza en un 85% para el consumo energético la energía nuclear y sus reactores son los más novedosos y con los mejores standares de seguridad y ecología.

Estos mismos autores se hacen la pregunta en sus libros, ¿Cuando estará la humanidad lista para usar de lleno la energía nuclear, sin destruirse por completo? Algunos son apocalípticos, otros un poco más esperanzadores, pero en su mayoría se vislumbra como el futuro más prometedor de la humanidad esta energía muy cuestionada y que más allá de invertir en ella, parece que estamos entorpeciendonos a utilizarla.

Vivimos una serie de procesos como humanidad de evolución/revolución, y al parecer estamos en el punto donde tiene que surgir una revolución ya sea tecnológica o de pensamiento, el problema es que todas estas revoluciones vienen después de profundas crisis y guerras. ¿Será necesario esto? Yo la verdad si lo creo, y no por convicción sino porque como seres humanos no hemos aprendido a hacerlo de una forma distintal.

Somos demasiados y no somos estrictamente necesarios... no somos eficientes como sociedad y creo que al menos un gran mayoría de nosotros estamos destinados por la selección natural a quedar en desuso...

Espero que empecemos a darnos cuenta de esto, y se busque de una forma orgánica algún sistema social que nos permita avanzar y crecer, pero no dependiendo del boom económico y demográfico, sino de los factores espirituales-intelectuales, científicos y tecnológicos (en ese orden).

Efectivamente el capitalismo ha sido el sistema económico que más a funcionado desde la caida de Roma, pero ya empezamos a ver nosotros sus garrafales errores (ni se diga de los paises mucho más jodidos que el nuestro). Problema muy grave es el hecho de que no existe un sistema que pueda anteponerse o sobrellevar los errores de este. Las ideas del comunismo son antiguas e impracticas y el socialismo no ha logrado establecerse debido a que depende directamente de la sociedad y el capitalismo crea esta subsociedad llamado mercado.

Esperanza surgío a finales del siglo XX con la idea del desarrollo sustentable, pero el neoliberalismo depredador lo impide por completo. El hombre es corrupto por naturaleza y no hemos logrado crear mecanismos que nos permitan al menos anteponer la esperanza de futuro al suculento "Ahora o nunca!"

¿Podremos volver a Roma?

Roma es un sueño... y los hombres estamos cansados de no poder soñar...